History of the Holy See

Key milestones in the history of the Holy See

From its origins to the present day, the Holy See has shaped the life of the Church and its dialogue with the world. Explore the moments that defined its path.

1929Lateran Treaty
Foundation of Vatican City State
The Lateran Treaty recognises the Vatican City as an independent sovereign state, guaranteeing the Holy See its spiritual and diplomatic autonomy.
Sovereignty recognised by the Kingdom of Italy
Vatican City44 hectares
1962Second Vatican Council
Opening of the Second Vatican Council
Pope John XXIII convenes the Council to renew the Church and open its dialogue with the modern world, shaping decades of pastoral life.
Four constitutions and nine decrees promulgated
St. Peter's Basilica2,800+ bishops invited
1984Diplomatic Relations
Expansion of the Holy See's diplomatic network
The Holy See deepens its diplomatic engagement across continents, building relations with states and international organisations worldwide.
Ongoing relations with more than 180 states
RomeGlobal representation
2013New Pontificate
Election of Pope Francis
The election of Pope Francis brings renewed emphasis on mercy, the poor and care for creation, and new communication channels for the faithful.
Launch of the Holy See's global digital presence
Apostolic PalaceUniversal outreach

Want to learn more about the Holy See?

Explore its structure, offices and documents in detail.

Mission and Governance

Serving the universal Church through faithful governance

The Holy See guides the global Catholic community through its offices and dicasteries, working with clarity and transparency to share teaching, documents, and pastoral care with millions of people.

Service to the faithful

Serving the Church and the faithful through clear teaching and pastoral care.

Shared learning

Preserving and sharing the Church's documents, history, and cultural heritage.

Open governance

Clear structures and transparent communication across the Holy See's offices.

Holy See offices and governance building in Vatican City
The Holy SeeVatican City
1.4B
Catholics served worldwide
The Holy See

Holy See by the Numbers

01
230

Dioceses Worldwide

Local churches united under the Holy See.

02
1.4B

Catholic Faithful

Members of the Church across every continent.

03
16

Dicasteries

Offices of the Roman Curia serving the universal Church.

04
1929

Year of Sovereignty

Year the Vatican City State was established by treaty.

Explore the Holy See

Find documents, news, and offices of the Roman Curia.

View Documents